اقبال اور مابعدالطبیعیات: خودی، شعور اور مذہب کا فلسفیانہ تناظرنو

Abstract

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of metaphysics as a fundamental area of philosophical inquiry, particularly focusing on its central role in the intellectual and religious thought of Allama Muhammad Iqbal. Metaphysics, driven by human wonder and curiosity, explores profound questions about the nature of reality, including matter and life, mind and consciousness, and determinism and free will. The study traces the historical evolution of metaphysical concepts from Aristotle's "First Philosophy" to Kant's critical limitations, examining how Iqbal engages with and transcends these paradigms. It emphasizes Iqbal’s critique of unverified assumptions in classical metaphysics and his integration of epistemological, ontological, and ethical dimensions, grounded in Quranic insight.

The article explores Iqbal's unique metaphysical system structured around the triadic relationship of God, self (khudi), and time-space, treating human consciousness as a dynamic, creative force that interacts with the external world. His concept of khudi is not only central to human individuality but also reflective of a deeper spiritual connection with the Divine. Iqbal’s metaphysical framework accommodates intuitive and mystical experiences, arguing that religious experience, like scientific experience, is subject to critical verification and rational validation.

The study also addresses the issue of immortality, juxtaposing Iqbal’s view with logical positivism, linguistic analysis, and Western philosophical traditions. While thinkers like Russell and Wittgenstein dismiss metaphysical claims, Iqbal insists on the epistemic and existential legitimacy of religious experiences. The article critically evaluates how Iqbal reconciles the tension between science and religion, advocating their harmony as different paths toward ultimate truth. Furthermore, it highlights Iqbal’s reformulation of religious thought, where religion is not a static set of beliefs but a dynamic process rooted in experiential certainty, intellectual engagement, and moral transformation. Through this integrative metaphysical vision, Iqbal positions human selfhood as both a reflector of divine will and an active agent in shaping meaning and values in the universe.